The Csr Evaluation of Gap Inc. Essay Example for Free

The Csr Evaluation of Gap Inc. Essay The Gap Inc. : The CSR Evaluation of Gap Inc. Outline of the notable ethical decisions made by Gap Inc. and their impacts on the company In 2003, Gap Inc. was sued for its usage of child labor and sweatshop factories in its subsidiary in Saipan. The decision to use child labor and sweatshop in Saipan was made by the management of Gap Inc. that could either be seen as egoism or utilitarianism (Smith, 2004). On one hand, on the egoism perspective, Gap Inc. could have decided to use child and sweatshop labor to cut its costs and maximize its profits. On the other hand, on the utilitarianism perspective, Gap’s decision to use child and sweatshop labor, cruel and ethical as it might seem, provided the people in Saipan a source of employment and income. As a poor, third world country, Saipan could not create enough jobs to sustain the livelihood of all its citizens, so it the citizens could choose between starving to death and making a difficult living in Gap’s sweatshops, the sweatshop is apparently a better option. Hence from the utilitarianism approach, Gap’s unethical behavior was actually better than its doing nothing at all. However, this decision gave Gap an international lawsuit over ethical treatment of labor, which does not cost Gap considerable fortune and energy, but also severely harmed its international reputation as an ethical player in the apparel industry (Smith, 2004). It turned out that the public citizens and the media prefer to use the Kantianism when viewing a corporate ethical issue (Iwanow and McEachem, 2005). After this Saipan sweatshop incident, the stakeholders of Gap Inc. placed huge pressure on the company management (Smith, 2004). As a result, Gap Inc. went through a thorough reflection on business ethics and corporate social responsibilities (CSR). Finally, the company made a decision to shift from the Utilitarianism approach to the Kantianism approach in its business ethics and CSR decisions. The new approach features three key principles, namely the universality, reversibility and respect. First of all, Gap decided to apply the same standard of ethical treatment to its workers whether they work for Gap in the U. S or third world countries. Secondly, under the Code of Vendor Conduct (Gap, 2011), the Gap management has been committed to treat the employees just the way they expect the employees to treat them. Thirdly, Gap decided to treat its partners in the value chain with escalated respect, namely not considering them as a means to an end but rather as vivid means with flesh and bones. This revolution on Gap’s CSR philosophy has ushered the company into the right track of corporate social responsibility. Gap’s change in attitude has been accolade both by its stake holders and the media.

Analysis of Poe’s The Raven Essay -- Poe Raven Essays

The first two stanzas of The Raven introduce you to the narrator, and his beloved maiden Lenore.   You find him sitting on a â€Å"dreary† and dark evening with a book opened in front of him, though he is dozing more than reading.   Suddenly, he hears knocking on his door, but only believes it to be a visitor nothing more.   He remembers another night, like this one, where he had sought the solace of his library to forget his sorrows of his long lost beloved, and to wait for dawn.   Meanwhile the tapping on his door continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poe’s most famous poem begins with an imagery that immediately brings the reader into a dark, cold, and stormy night.   Poe does not wish for his readers to stand on the sidelines and watch the goings on, but actually be in the library with the narrator, hearing what he hears and seeing what he sees.   Using words and phrases such as â€Å"midnight dreary† and â€Å"bleak December† Poe sets the mood and tone, by wanting his readers to feel the cold night and to reach for the heat of the â€Å"dying embers† of the fireplace.   You do not come into this poem thinking daffodils and sunshine, but howling winds and shadows.   By using these words, Poe gives you the sense of being isolated and alone.   He also contrasts this isolation, symbolized by the storm and the dark chamber, with the richness of the objects in the library.   The furnished room also reminds him of the beauty of his lost Lenore.   Al so, Poe uses a rhythm in his beginning stanza, using â€Å"tapping†, followed by â€Å"rapping, rapping at my door†, and ending with â€Å"tapping at my chamber door.†Ã‚   You can almost hear the tapping on the door of the library as ... ...e opens the door.   When he found himself opening the door, he saw nothing but darkness.   And this is the point where he figures that there is nothing out there.   I think the reason Poe was so afraid, reflects back on Lenore.   I understood Lenore to be Poe’s love at some point in his life.   He’s been so depressed, that all he thinks about is her, but then again, he is also trying to forget about her at the same time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   And when he first heard the sounds of rustling, he might of thought it could be the spirit of Lenore.   I think this was the reason for him to have been so afraid.   Poe drew a lot of his ideas and images into his own imagination.   And the images he had of Lenore, was not making him feel any better.   I think that most of Poe’s thoughts and feelings all came from his mind, and not his heart.

Allegory of the Cave Summary

Allegory of the Cave Summary Plato’s Allegory of the Cave presents an enthralling concept that holds strong to this day. In the allegory three main ideas are illustrated : that we have been conditioned to a definite reality since birth, we scorn being brought into the ‘light’ of knowledge, and that we (as a society) reject anything that contradicts the notions of our preconceived reality. Clever Plato took these ideas and weaved them into an intriguing story of prisoners trapped in an underground cave, and then what happens when one of them was enLIGHTened.Surprisingly it applies in many ways to our society in modern times, nowadays no one questions what is true and what is false. It’s exactly as Aldous Huxley feared, we’ve become lost in a sea of information which debilitates us to gain conscious understanding of information. We’ve been raised in a society of ‘don’t question it’ which leaves the people vulnerable to the pe ople carrying the statues across the fire, creating our sense of reality. When we are first brought into this cave at the beginning of the allegory, it contains prisoners bound by chains in such a way as to force their heads to stare at this wall.It continues to tell us that they’ve been this way since birth, and that a massive fire behind them that allows them to see shadows broadcast onto the wall, periodically people go be the fire with statues of people and creatures which cast shadows onto the wall and this ‘shadow world’ is what the prisoners consider their reality. They are all content with this knowledge and nothing changes until one of the prisoners is set free. The prisoner, once he’s set free, is blinded by the fire the moment he turns his head to face the fire.He looks back to the shadows which he identifies as reality, and looks back and forth between the fire and the wall until he finally accepts that the fire may be more ‘real’. His enlightenment is continued as he’s forced up the stairs and forced into the sunlight to view the real world. He begins slowly only identifying shadows at first and slowly progresses until he’s able to identify the sun, and contemplate the sun as an idea and not just as an object.He continues learning about this new reality until he is fully convinced. Remembering his former companions he grows full of pity for them, knowing that they don’t share his knowledge of what is ‘real’ and what is a mere shade of reality. With this thought in his head he heads back to the cave. Once he’s back in the cave his eyes are full of darkness and he’s unable to see things as clearly as his companions, for he had grown accustomed to the reality of light, because of this his former companions made fun of him.They knew he wasn’t as adept to their reality, which they perceived as being the right one. Seeing what happened to their former companio n when he was taken into the light, they decided that they’d never ascend because if they ascended they’d lose their sight of ‘reality’. With that the enlightened one left, knowing that his companions were lost in blissful ignorance, and he could do nothing to convince them for fear of death.

Being An American Guarantees The Right And Responsibility

Being an American guarantees the right and responsibility of having Health Insurance. Whether you have Health Insurance coverage through your job, spouse, serving in the military, it is very critical in this day in age, a person to have some kind of coverage. There are many types of Insurance you may receive and different types of organizations, such as a Preferred Plan Organization, or Health Maintenance Organization. They type of Insurance you receive is your decision as well. The history of Health Insurance beings with its revolution in the late 1920’s through the 1930’s. The beginning of employer-sponsored health plans began as a result of World War II. With the growing demand increasing into the 1950’s, other insurance agencies†¦show more content†¦Needless to say, the population would be very sick and one fourth if not more, the size it is that we have today. There are many different types of coverage for health insurance, each having their own unique processes as well as reimbursement methods. Heath insurance coverage can either be offered by an employer, paid for monthly by beneficiary, or may be obtained through serving in the armed forces. Insurance can be categorized under as ether individual insurance or group insurance. With individual insurance only applies to the individual that’s enrolled in the policy and the individuals’ dependents. Individual insurance isn’t available through a group rate thus; premiums will be higher than if the individual had group insurance. Group insurance is a master policy that’s usually purchased by an organization or employer that that covers the employees as well as their dependents. The policyholder’s dependents are the spouse and children under a certain age. Group insurance usually offers lower premiums with better benefits. The different types of insurance coverage includes, hospital insurance, an indemnity plan or fee for service plan, hospital indemnity insurance, medical insurance, surgical insurance outpatient insurance, special risk insurance, major medical insurance, catastrophic insurance, short-term insurance, full-service insurance, long-term insurance,Show MoreRelatedThe Sixth Amendment: Providing Justice for Everyone Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagessentence. When the Founding Fathers wrote the Bill of Rights, they believed that all Americans deserved rights which the British had not given them. The 6th Amendment provides many legal rights to United States citizens that protect them from being wrongly convicted of crimes. The 6th Amendment is the most important amendment in the Constitution of the United States. The 6th Amendment guarantees a person accused of a crime compulsory process, the right to present witnesses in his defense. The importanceRead MoreWhy Did The 14th Amendment Guarantees Equal Protection Under The Law?1092 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) case. This very important case involved â€Å"14 same-sex couples and two men whose same-sex partners are deceased† and the couples argued that the â€Å"state officials violated [their] 14th amendment by denying them the right to marry or to have marriages lawfully performed in another state given full recognition and also violated their equal protection Clause. The supreme court ruled for this case because in the 14th Amendment it clearly declares that all people shouldRead MoreThe Rights Of A Citizen1247 Words   |  5 PagesGod has given us privileges as being members of his church. We also know that because of that, we have responsibilities that trail along. Some may say, that what strengthens o ur relationship with Jesus may be the blessings that he gives us. 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This very important case involved â€Å"14 same-sex couples and two men whose same-sex partners are deceased† in this case the couples argued that the â€Å"state officials violated [their] 14th amendment by denying them the right to marry or to have marriages lawfully performed in another state given full recognition and also violated their equal protection Clause.† The supreme court ruled in favor for this case because in the 14th Amendment it clearly declares that all peopleRead MoreCriminal Procedure Policy Paper1088 Words   |  5 PagesCrime Control Model The most important value of the crime control model is the repression of crime. Unless crime is controlled, the rights of citizens who abide by the law are not protected and the security of society will diminish. Crime control reflect conservative values, therefore the cause of crime is viewed as a breakdown of individual responsibility. 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Expressions of hate can be tolerated, but become a responsibility of the government when they are acts inciting violence, such as hate crimes.   In the Supreme Court Case Brandenburg v. Ohio, the KKK leader Charles Brandenburgs rights of freedom of speech were violated. He gave a speech to a group of other Klan membersRead More`` Obamacare For Dummies `` Narrated By Keith Hughes1263 Words   |  6 Pagescovering the most vulnerable, 48 million Americans in the 21st Century do not have health insurance. The people on the far right will argue that free market capitalism is the best approach, allowing pure competition will drive down costs, and consequently this will allow more people to buy affordable health insurance, but not everyone agrees with this notion, the opposition believes that healthcare is a guarantee and not a responsibility, that is a right as a human being, therefore the government throughRead MoreA Democracy Is Built On The Foundation That The Citizens Or Elected Of ficials Participate955 Words   |  4 PagesTocqueville equated a lawyer’s influence to that of an aristocratic government. In an aristocratic government, those people considered as ‘elite’ or the ‘most able’ are given the responsibility of being the governing body. In our culture, he believed that lawyers are considered somewhat ‘elite’ because they have the advantage of being able to follow changing laws and understand precedents significantly better than the common person. 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Censorship And Its Effect On The Creativity And Enjoyment...

How does censorship in media undermine the creativity and enjoyment of what we indulge ourselves in? The existence of censorship itself can take many forms in media. Sometimes it can exist for reasonable reasons to the most absurd. This filter has existed as long as public demonstration has existed; there was always information that has not has not been shown or spreadto the public. Now in modern times, it has been used and implemented in across several formats in media and entertainment. Is it the opinions of people or someone in a higher power for something to be a product of censorship? Berserk had its debut in 1988 with its prototype and 1989 as a full-fledged story. This is a manga written and drawn by Kentaro Miura who has been in†¦show more content†¦Censorship is like a veil in art and originality. The same can apply to the stories artist tries to create for a viewer. Once censored it is just another story with likely a different meaning of what it was originally. When it comes to Berserk, it be viewed as mindless violence at a quick glance, but when fully read the reader can see it is the story of the protagonist Guts, he is not a mindless killer who brutally murders every foe in his path. Guts has a reason for doing so and a very specific one as well, since the story of guts is the living example of someone who had everything go wrong in their life. From being picked up by a prostitute traveling with mercenaries from his hanging mother in the middle of nowhere to seeing nearly all his comrades betrayed by his dear friend and left to the point of being mentally broken, Having that kind of story in a protagonist would be censored due to how unreasonably violent it would be. Now if Berserk did not have its creativity and twists that censoring would not allow, would it be a flavorless graphic manga lost before the new millennia? The manga itself wou ld be very restrictive with its material and likely leave the reader with too much to ponder if many of its original ideas were squandered and extremely toned down. Would it still be better than it originally was or would it be some manifestation of senseless entrainment, is there a difference?Show MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pageslanguage, whereas speech is the utterance, the actual practice, of a lan ´ xiii xiv A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY guage system. (See de Saussure, Course, pp. 7-17.) De Saussure saw the linguistic sign as a unit of relation between a signifier (signifiant) and what it signifies, or conveys, the significate (signifià ©).* Signs (or units of relation) are related to other signs syntagmatically or paradigmatically: Syntagmatic relations are those which exist among the actual (or present) elements of a statement

Analyzing The Association Between The Emotional Stroop...

Words Have Feelings Too Aminah Hilaire Howard University Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the association between the emotional stroop with trait and state anxiety. Researchers chose a cluster of eight random female students in an experimental psychology course to complete an STAI form and online emotional stroop test. By filling out and participating in the prior stated procedures, researchers would be able to determine if cognitive processes are linked to emotional disorders. The STAI forms determined the state and trait anxiety scores of each individual participant. The emotional stroop test assessed emotions by keeping time with how long it took participants to determine the†¦show more content†¦There is anxiety that is only situational, state anxiety, and anxiety that is general, trait anxiety. Researchers in this study wanted to know if state and trait anxiety could calculate a correlation coefficient with the emotional stroop. They also wanted to identify whether trait or state anxiety would have a stronger associat ion with performance on the emotional stroop. Researchers hypothesized that both state and trait anxiety would be able to be calculated with a strong, positive correlation coefficient and that state anxiety would have a stronger association with performance on the emotional stroop. Previous studies have shown that there is no correlation between a high-ordered construct and the time it takes on an emotion stroop test. In a study conducted by Klug and Matthews (1993), results showed that general emotionality was not important in predicting the extent of interference for color-naming emotional words. Brosschot and Ruiter (1994) found the emotional stroop to be bias in anxiety states. If not bias by the emotional stroop, then bias by the participants with anxiety. A study found that participants in various phobic groups try to suppress their high anxiety when taking the emotional stroop test (Amir et al, 1996). Few prior studies involving anxiety and the emotional stroop have a signif icant interference. Egloff and Hock (2001) found that only for individuals who have high trait anxiety

Challenges Managing Global Teams for Cultural - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theChallenges Managing Global Teams for Cultural. Answer: Introduction Global team is widely used as a strategic Human Resource solution in a multinational organisation. It is important to note that a global team is formed across the temporal, cultural and geographical boundaries to hit into the available HR pools that are distributed around the world. The primary aim of using global team as a strategic HR solution is to increase the organisational performance and innovation by integrating diverse knowledge and targeting expertise regardless of the political boundaries (Magdaleno and Kleiner, 2016). The use of global team helps in achieving better efficiency by around-the-clock operations across various time zones. However, there are several challenges that are faced by the multinational organisations while managing global teams. The literature review has been developed in order to observe and critically evaluate challenges faced by the multinational organisations in managing global teams. Additionally, the study aims to present the impact of cultural d iversity and the implications of International HRM in the current business scenario. Defining Global Teams In order to define global teams, the previous literature reveals that most often the study of global teams overlapped with the research involving multinational teams, distributed teams, multicultural groups, and virtual teams (Dixon, 2008). Therefore to define the term global team, the topic must be distinguished from these areas of research. In recent years, globalisation has contributed towards the formation of a geographically dispersed workforce. Meanwhile, global teams are virtual teams that serve as the principal vehicle of business organisations utilised to achieve global efficiency. In order to offset management pressures come from the diversified target audience demand, converging markets, and resource allocation, organisation management has developed global teams. Modern business dynamics and internationalisation of businesses have emerged global teams to proliferate best operations and practices in the overseas markets. Evidently, in the twenty-first century, complex strategic business interventions have been managed and executed through global teams achieving sustainability and growth at the global stage (Araujo, 2009). Global teams are multinational working teams where team members are interconnected in a virtual note. Decisively, global teams have been geographically distributed and it requires significant knowledge and management skills to overcome the challenges of managing global teams operating at the different corners of the world. Managing virtuality and cultural diversity in global teams Managing global teams can be identified as one of the most difficult tasks in human resource management in compared to traditional teams (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). As global teams embed multiple geographical contexts, diversified cultural background, different time zones, and use of multiple communication technologies, the complexity of managing the teams is far trickier (Dixon and Panteli, 2010). Before reviewing the challenges of managing global teams, it is important to evaluate the methods of managing virtuality and diversity in global teams on the basis of previous literature. Scholars have evaluated a number of mechanisms that have been illustrated in the following section for managing virtuality and diversity in global teams. Mechanism for managing virtuality Managing virtuality within the international teams must be handled in an efficient order so that the virtuality of global team members cannot necessarily become berries in interactions. Most importantly, scholars have identified some of the tested mechanism to manage virtuality in global teams successfully. Traditionally, physical presence of team members has been vital in team management. Due to emerging communication technologies and presence of internet, managers now can efficiently control and monitor the performance of the global teams from any place (Gibson and Gibbs, 2006). Evidently, three mechanisms for managing virtuality in global teams have been reviewed in the study i.e. transactive memory systems (TMS), psychologically safe communication climate (PSCC), and developing trust. Transactive memory systems: Modern scholars have identified global teams as networked systems worked for a firm. In such networked system, transactive memory systems have been used as a primary mechanism to share knowledge within the global teams. As team members develop effective TMS, accurate set of knowledge and information can be transferred within the virtual teams influencing output (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). Psychologically safe communication climate: Gibson and Gibbs (2006) identified that PSCC, an interpersonal process can be effectively utilised by the managers to negate the adverse effect of virtuality of global teams. By developing such communication climate within the global teams, a bridge of unity can be structured among the team members. Developing Trust: In terms of managing the performance of global teams, building trust can be defined as one of the major functional mechanisms improving efficiency of workers. Through the development of trust among the virtual team members, the collaboration among the employees can be enhanced (Kelley, 2011). Thus, the productivity of virtual team projects will be increased. Mechanism for managing cultural diversity Managing cultural diversity must be prioritised in global team management to attain efficiency (Winkler and Bouncken, 2011). While some of the members of a team have efficiently collaborated with other teammates from diverse culture and background, most of them have failed to work together. Thus, the efficiency of managing cultural diversity may lead to expatriate failure (Orhan, 2014). Lack of training and collaboration has forced expatriates to seek a transfer from the host country leading towards operational failure (Wang, 2013). In order to solve the problem of managing cultural diversity in global teams, scholars and researchers have identified three mechanisms i.e. cultural intelligence, cultural agility, and global mindset. Cultural Intelligence: Evidently, Scholars and modern researchers have claimed that developing cultural intelligence can be imperative for contemporary management leaders to succeed in the cross-cultural group effort (Magdaleno and Kleiner, 2016). Understandably, cultural intelligence enhances interactions among the team members so that different cultural barriers can be broken during developing global teams. Thus, the output of the team will be increased. Cultural Agility: Caligiuri (2012) elaborates cultural agility as a meta-competency increases flexibility and performance of the professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural circumstances. Having cultural agility, global team members can influence their work efficiency in alien cultural norms (Caligiuri, 2012). Furthermore, cultural agility must be developed as a recommended skill for management personnel working with global teams. Global Mindset: Global mindset can be addressed as a mechanism that influences the sense of responsibility of the global team members avoiding diverse cultural barriers. A global mindset of international human resource managers can be utilised to adapt different cultural orientation to develop a positive frame of mind among the team members. Challenges in Managing Global Team According to Armstrong and Cole (2002), the multinational corporations face several communication challenges while managing global teams. The low level of nonverbal and physical cues available in technologically mediated and geographically distributed workforce have created different challenges such as difficulty of sharing knowledge and faulty attribution of others (Kelley, 2011). The distribution of workforce across space, time and multiple groups creates challenge in managing attention and time among the multiple commitments that further results in high level of stress among the executive members. Furthermore, the presence of multiple culture and differences in ethical practices results in conflict and faultiness among the team members belonging to different nations and cultures due to the variation in attitudes, behaviour, values and broader institutional environments. The primary challenges that are faced while managing global teams are discussed in details herein below: Geographical separation: The geographical separation may lead to lack of mutual knowledge among the team members about each others situations and way of working that further leads to faulty attribution about the other team members (Kelley, 2011). It has been found through research that distributed team members are likely to make negative acknowledgments about the colleagues from other zones due to lack of situational awareness and limited cues regarding their working environment (Orhan, 2014). Hence, a lack of trust and mutual understanding can be evident among the members of global team. Furthermore, the level of conflicts among the team members is relatively high in global teams. Sharing knowledge across the globe: Another problem that is faced by the global teams is the challenge of sharing knowledge across the political borders. Furthermore, working at distances may lead to fewer opportunities to share tacit knowledge among the workforce. Additionally, the team members work in multiple teams with unequal commitment to share and contribute expertise and knowledge. According to Lee and Qomariyah (2016), local knowledge such as knowledge of working conditions and local holidays are difficult to share among the distributed teams as it is mostly taken for granted. Managing time and attention: The third issue or challenge that is faced by global teams is the management of time and attention. With the development of technology and internet, better communication tools such as instant messaging, email, and social media can be used as communication channel for transmitting messages across the time zone (Kelley, 2011). However, the excessive use of collaborative technologies may lead to information overload that further results in massive stress among the workforce (Barley, Meyerson and Grodal, 2011). The interaction between different time zones also leads to distraction and interruption of primary tasks. For example, the decision makers of the global organisations need to be available across the clock in order to promptly respond to the queries of other team members working in different time zones. Cultural Differences: The last and the most important challenge faced by the members of global teams are the cultural differences among the employees. According to Hofstede (2005), the members of global team can be differentiated as individualist and collectivist, high context and low context, and feminine and masculine on the basis of their culture and ethical practices. Cultural conflicts can be seen in several cases across the globe, which has emerged to be a major challenge for international human resource management (Orhan, 2014). Hence, it is important for the manager of an international team to understand the cultural differences and give equal importance to individual cultural believes to maintain peace and harmony among the global teams. Implications for IHRM On the basis of the above analysis, the International Human Resource (IHR) managers needs to attend and overcome the challenges related to cultural differences of the global team members as well as challenges related to virtuality such as knowledge sharing across the political contexts, faulty attributions, and managing time and attention in order to improve the effectiveness of the global teams (Winkler and Bouncken, 2011). The IHR manager plays a key role in training the global team members and leaders by developing transactive memory systems (TMS), psychologically safe communication climate (PSCC), and trust. Such techniques will help the multinational organisations to overcome challenges of virtuality and enhance employee productivity and satisfaction (Palthe, 2014). IHRM helps in developing global skills among the leaders to manage global mindset, cultural diversity and cultural intelligence. Hence, the challenges of managing global teams can be overcome by implementing IHRM str ategies in the multinational organisations. Literature Gap In managing global teams, significant level of descriptive research has been conducted by the scholars and modern researchers. Precisely, most of the literature reviewed in the past failed to identify the financial and non-financial parameters that should be considered in determining talent management of the virtual global teams. Besides, previous literature has put substantial emphasis on top level managers and their strategic interventions in managing global teams (Wang, 2013). But, literature reviewed in the past has not put much importance on non-executive level staffs associated with the global team management. In terms of managing virtual global teams, sometimes corporate culture and work-life balance of the global team members have not been prioritised. Therefore, a thorough research must be conducted in the identified area. Preferably, the identified contexts can be defined as the major constituents of literature gaps that must be taken into account during the further researc h on the subject. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, multinational organisations face different challenges in terms of managing a culturally and geographically diversified workforce. The geographical separation, cultural differences, and time zone differences lead to conflicts among the global team members. Furthermore, the variances in attitude, believes and ethical practices of the workers make it difficult for the IHR managers to maintain peace and harmony at workplace. Hence, modern IHRM strategies must be applied in order to overcome the issues and seek sustainable growth of business. However, it can be seen that the literature on challenges in managing global teams have not put much effort on non-executive level staffs. Therefore, further research can be conducted in this area to gain better knowledge on the chosen topic. References Araujo, A. (2009). Implementing global virtual teams to enhance cross-border transfer of knowledge in multinational enterprises: a resource-based view.International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, 6(2), p.161. Armstrong, D.J. and Cole, P. (2002). Managing distances and differences in geographically distributed work groups, in P. Hinds S. Kiesler (eds.), Distributed Work, 167-186, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Barley, S., Meyerson, D. and Grodal, S. (2011). E-mail as a Source and Symbol of Stress.Organization Science, 22(4), pp.887-906. Caligiuri, P. (2012).Cultural Agility: Building a Pipeline of Successful Global Professionals. Jossey Bass Inc. Dixon, K. and Panteli, N. (2010). From virtual teams to virtuality in teams.Human Relations, 63(8), pp.1177-1197. Dixon, N. (2008). Building Global Capacity with Global Task Teams.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 11(1), pp.108-112. Gibson, C. and Gibbs, J. (2006). Unpacking the Concept of Virtuality: The Effects of Geographic Dispersion, Electronic Dependence, Dynamic Structure, and National Diversity on Team Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(3), pp.451-495. Hansen, T., Hope, A. and Moehler, R. (2012). Managing Geographically Dispersed Teams: From Temporary to Permanent Global Virtual Teams.SSRN Electronic Journal. Hofstede, G. (2005). Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Newbury Park [u.a.]: Sage. Kelley, E. (2011). Keys to Effective Virtual Global Teams.Academy of Management Executive, 15(2), pp.132-133. Lee, L. and Qomariyah, A. (2016). Managing expatriate success through expatriate-related, family-related and social capital factors: a meta-analysis.International Journal of Services and Standards, 11(3), p.193. Magdaleno, G. and Kleiner, B. (2016). Global Trends in Managing Cultural Diversity.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 3(4), pp.31-36. Orhan, M. (2014). Extending the Individual Level of Virtuality: Implications of Task Virtuality in Virtual and Traditional Settings.Administrative Sciences, 4(4), pp.400-412. Palthe, J. (2014). Cross-Level Cultural Congruence: Implications For Managing Diversity In Multinational Corporations.Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 9(1), p.51. Wang, Y. (2013). Collaboration in Global Distributed Teams: An Interdisciplinary Review.SSRN Electronic Journal. Winkler, V. and Bouncken, R. (2011). How Does Cultural Diversity in Global Innovation Teams Affect the Innovation Process?.Engineering Management Journal, 23(4), pp.24-35.